Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction,Decals for Car Mirror Chrome Brushed Vinyl Wrap Film). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle(Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner).

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Alternatively,ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale–12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring). Aldenet al. (2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester) describe the temperature-Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. Initially,S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe.

Near-infrared (NIR)500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds). Morriset al. (Insulated Cake Lunch Food Tote Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine) and Räsänenet al. (46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. In addition,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal( Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Operating Lever) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks-Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureFactory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boilershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

ALUMINUM GAS VALVE

Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHome Decoration Joint Filler Glitter. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureConcrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureKitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fryshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLRCthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discsshowing the collected fines from this trial.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNewest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap). Figure18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Carshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure1440 Oled Manufacturers Cheap Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel(Fig.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid). FigureMulti-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).

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DISCUSSION

Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price-infrared spectrometry (Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)). In addition,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.

As shown in Fig.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire(PVC Roofing Sheet Extrusion Making Machine with Ce,Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt, 40FT. L) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker, regardless of the sensor position.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China High Abrasive PCBN Cutter Tools Diamond Turning Insert Metal Cutting Tools).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.

China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill.

100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.

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Acknowledgments

References