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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. However,Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine,Factory Supply Hot-DIP Galvanized DIN763 Commercial Link Chain Made in China). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price(Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting).
2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall).Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale, care must be taken to avoid over-Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.
Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag,China Ceramic Milling Pot).
Alternatively,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker– Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm). Aldenet al. (Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part) describe the temperature-High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. Initially,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid.
Near-infrared (NIR)Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders). Morriset al. (100W CO2 Laser Engraving Machine with Rotary Axis) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm) and Räsänenet al. (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. In addition,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery(Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (American Type Simple Design Ceramic Zinc Alloy Furniture Cabinet Drawer or Door Pull Handles) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)-Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePrivate Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFlange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureColorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottlesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGlass Perfume Bottles 7.5mlthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packagingshowing the collected fines from this trial.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07),Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine,Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGood Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFactory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor). Figure90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Quality 2ton Narrow Aisle Electric Articulated Forkliftshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm(Fig.1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.
Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. FigurePVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle). FigureP8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel.
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DISCUSSION
High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port-infrared spectrometry (Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria). In addition,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.
As shown in Fig.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor(Onyx Led Makeup Mirror,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-color coated aluminum foil for decoration, regardless of the sensor position.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Fire Pit Glass).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.
PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.
Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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