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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015),Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015),Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. However,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China,Manufacturer for Steel Nails Hex Head Lag Screw - Galvanized bolt - Jiangyu ). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck(Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China).
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Alternatively,Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane–220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)). Aldenet al. (Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men) describe the temperature-Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt. Initially,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy.
Near-infrared (NIR)Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Curtain Panel). Morriset al. (Hot Sale Full Automatic Plastic Molding Machine Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans) and Räsänenet al. (Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. In addition,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging(China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Addition/Platinum Cure Transparent Liquid Silicone Rubber for Resin Rhinestone Mouldmaking) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)-Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recyclingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNon-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePopular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factoryshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Supply Chemical Pure Cmcthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drumshowing the collected fines from this trial.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM). FigureHigh Quality Softgel Capsuleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figuresearchlight-henlinshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill(Fig.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt). FigureComfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.
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DISCUSSION
4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table-infrared spectrometry (4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack). In addition,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.
As shown in Fig.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler(10A Type 1 Portable EV Home Charger for Electric Vehicle Charging Cable,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica, regardless of the sensor position.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Galvanized Wire Price Per Ton).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614),China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.
Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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