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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S).Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation. However,Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler,Api 5l Spiral Welded Ssaw Steel Pipe). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled(Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool).
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Alternatively,Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer–Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet). Aldenet al. (Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump) describe the temperature-New Design Fireplace Wood Holder-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap. Initially,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4.
Near-infrared (NIR)Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting). Morriset al. (L Shaped Office Sofa) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL) and Räsänenet al. (Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. In addition,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment(High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (4 Panel Sliding Door) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould-Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Quality Thread Extension Drill Rodshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAir Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureEasy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Risershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure45VQ)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stockshowing the collected fines from this trial.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfInvestment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives). FigureProfessional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performanceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLeather Car Key Caseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black(Fig.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe). FigurePMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine(Contemporary Lounge Chair,4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair, regardless of the sensor position.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Commercial Durable Transfer Print Hot Stamping PVC Ceiling Clad PVC Panel).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine.
Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.
Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,World Flag Mini Car Flags. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
