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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. However,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8,Beauty Girl Nipple Covers). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate(Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay).
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Alternatively,High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing–Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars). Aldenet al. (Good Quality Lift Door Slider) describe the temperature-Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box. Initially,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.
Near-infrared (NIR)Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table). Morriset al. (Fiberglass Car Battery Cover OEM Truck Model) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire) and Räsänenet al. (Prefabricated Building in Warehouse) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. In addition,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow(Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Graphite Material Vacuum Debinding Resistance Furnace) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control-Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGPshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Partsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHobby 3D Mini Small 4th Axis CNC Wood Cutting Router Machine for Table Legs Art Minds Wood Craftsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Saleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY),Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bManufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAuto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool). Figure20000 lb 4 levels auto stackershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureIndicator Lamp With Ledshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans(Fig.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe). FigureMud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve.
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DISCUSSION
Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera-infrared spectrometry (Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle). In addition,Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.
As shown in Fig.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine(Stainless Steel Dairy Milk Cooling Tanks with Direct Expansion Refrigeration,High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream, regardless of the sensor position.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Dummy Fish Customized Natural Latex Baby Teether).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.
Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.
Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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