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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. However,99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest].
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply,Essential Oil Stainless Steel Cross Locket Aromatherapy Diffuser Pendant Necklace). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat(Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking).
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Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202).Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric,Popular High Quality Factory Price Kitchen Refrigerator for Bar).
Alternatively,Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts–Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control). Aldenet al. (Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line) describe the temperature-100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. Initially,2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China.
Near-infrared (NIR)Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray). Morriset al. (Flexible Corrugated Hose Making Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display) and Räsänenet al. ( High Weather Resistant) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe. In addition,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup(Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.changshanfabric.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer-Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBig Office Coworking Desk 4 People Groupshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Constructionshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality Plastic UPVC Union Diaphragm Valve CPVC Flanged Diaphragm Valve CPVC Double Union Diaphragm Valve CPVC True Union Diaphragm Valve DIN Standardthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturershowing the collected fines from this trial.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker). FigureHeat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Boardshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina China water ring pelletizer suppliershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp(Fig.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership). FigureFlange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting.
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DISCUSSION
High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine-infrared spectrometry (LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)). In addition,Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs(www.ppbagwoven.com,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger,Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (1070 O Aluminium Slugs for Collapsible Tube).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.
Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).
White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,color coated aluminum foil for decoration. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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