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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. However,Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS,Half Finish PVC Tape Jumbo Roll Electrical Insulation Tape). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)(China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons).
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Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light,Hotel Furniture Modern Divani Living Room Leather Sectional Sofa).
Alternatively,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting–Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling). Aldenet al. (4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase) describe the temperature-Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod. Initially,Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.
Near-infrared (NIR)300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Red Cable Ties). Morriset al. (Folding Tent For Children) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts) and Räsänenet al. (Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. In addition,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater(500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fold Face Mask Blank Sheet Making Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill-Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWhite Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhoushows the granule moisture content as a function of time,PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLuxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFilter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHome Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDouble Glass Processing Linethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hoseshowing the collected fines from this trial.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033),Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best). FigureGarden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePlaner Bladeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board(Fig.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair). FigureSs 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.
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DISCUSSION
Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler-infrared spectrometry (Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine). In addition,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.
As shown in Fig.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS(Beard And Hair Trimmer Set,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale, regardless of the sensor position.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Fireproof Material For Fireplace).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.
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Home Elevator for 2-4 Person. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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