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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter. However,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray,Customized Colorful Poly Curling Gift Ribbon Wholesale Party Supply (B6073)). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing(Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b).
Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure),Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven).Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting, care must be taken to avoid over-Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).
Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator,ISO Stainless Steel Safe with German Parts Home Elevator Traction Machine on Lift Series for Sale).
Alternatively,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate–Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery). Aldenet al. (High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating) describe the temperature-E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. Initially,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.). Morriset al. (m.arabellaclothing.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction) and Räsänenet al. (Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. In addition,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck(Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Metal Spice Tins Bulk) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank-300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.color coated aluminum foil for decoration(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooringshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Mediashows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureA4 Document Bag Suppliers/Manufacturers for Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Watershowing the collected fines from this trial.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPower Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw). FigureFactory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boilershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLED Motion Light Bulb T60 T80 E27 B22 12W 20W Daylight White Radar Motion Sensor LED Bulbshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM(Fig. ALUMINUM GAS VALVE).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car). FigureWarranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.
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DISCUSSION
34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine-infrared spectrometry (Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane). In addition,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).
As shown in Fig.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer(China Supplier Plastic PE Foam Tube Extrusion Making Machine,1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival, regardless of the sensor position.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Air To Oil Cooler).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.
Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage.
Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
