Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine,1 Liter Blow Molding Machine Price). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors(Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power).

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Alternatively,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit–Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate). Aldenet al. (Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers) describe the temperature-Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks. Initially,Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.

Near-infrared (NIR)Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt). Morriset al. (Girls Kids Emoji Bookbags Travel Backpacks Rucksack Satchel Shoulder School Bags) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing) and Räsänenet al. (for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. In addition,Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches(2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (PVC Safety Goggles Worker Safety Goggles Safety Glasses) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder-Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigurePVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructionsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWoodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Sideshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAutomatic Tape Dispenser For 5mm Length Tape Manufacturers Cheap Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chillershowing the collected fines from this trial.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCreative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel). FigureTitanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Constructionshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSoccer Backpack - Basketball Backpack with Ball Compartment - All Sports Bag Gym Bagshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting(Fig.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry). FigureD Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.

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DISCUSSION

Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black-infrared spectrometry (New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine). In addition,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.

As shown in Fig.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines(2014 Model at-Rotary Type Injection Molding Machine with CE,HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate,Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection, regardless of the sensor position.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Daf Truck Spare Parts).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Rubber Dic Return Roller.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.

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Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys.

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Acknowledgments

References