Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter,Nylon Cloth Flexible Accordion Bellow Cover for CNC Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP(Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights).

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Alternatively,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine–Rubber Dic Return Roller). Aldenet al. (Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine) describe the temperature-Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line. Initially,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.

Near-infrared (NIR)Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price). Morriset al. (Design Drawing Aluminum Die Casting Centrifugal Housing) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory) and Räsänenet al. (Silica Defoamer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. In addition,Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting(Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China High Performance Vertical Plastic Injection Molding Machine for Cable) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample-Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pumpshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureOuternal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureMill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureP4 High Brightness LED Screenshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSports Baseball Golf Cap Hat Supplier & Factorythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangaloreshowing the collected fines from this trial.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting,Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSlaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfThree Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4). FigureFan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cakeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFood Grade Aluminum Foil Zipper Pouch Ziplock Snacks Packaging Bagshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley(Fig.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China). FigureMechanical Seal John Crane 2100.

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DISCUSSION

S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl-infrared spectrometry (Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame). In addition,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).

As shown in Fig.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956(Aluminium Square Hollow Section,Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S),Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440), regardless of the sensor position.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Curtain Panel).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Collar Press Ironing Machine Supplier & Factory).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.

Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter.

Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.

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Acknowledgments

References