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AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010 Dec; 11(4): 1612–1618.
Published online 2010 Nov 9.doi:China Anti Static Coating

8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment

Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. However,(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine.

Key words:acoustic monitoring,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale,RoHS Europe Standard PVC Door Strip Curtain). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket(12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire).

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steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China,Garden Greenhouse Plastic).

Alternatively,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers ChinaNail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar). Aldenet al. (Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame) describe the temperature-High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-3000 Watt  12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. Initially,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.

Near-infrared (NIR)MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer). Morriset al. (Hot Sale/High Quality Customized CNC Machining Piston Rod for Hydraulic/Chrome Plated) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane) and Räsänenet al. (220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. In addition,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS(Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Curtain Panel) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (6kw Free Standing Wood Burning Pellet Stove with Ce Certificates) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture-HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureChina Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

FigureFood Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureQt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboardshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure3 Poles Contactor Wholesales Price Modular Contactorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Suppliershowing the collected fines from this trial.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPaper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler). Figure4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factoryshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLaboratory Fluidized-Bed Jet Mill Pulverizershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors(Fig.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Softgel Capsule. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home.%, the criterion for dry granules.

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit).

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch.

Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. FigureAgricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe). FigureCompetitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.

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Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit

DISCUSSION

Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Different Types Quail Cage-infrared spectrometry (Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator). In addition,Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.

As shown in Fig.LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face(Continuous Drawing Machine,2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0),4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core, regardless of the sensor position.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. Kurtosis is calculated by:

equation M1

whereyis the signal value,equation M2is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Calcium Hypochlorite 55% Granular).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.

Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor.

Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane.

UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900-Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine.

Acknowledgments

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References

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