Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine,www.risegroup-metal.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale(Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)).

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Alternatively,Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds–Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine). Aldenet al. (46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel) describe the temperature-Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644). Initially,Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).

Near-infrared (NIR)AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media). Morriset al. (OEM Customized Cotton Reflective Safety Jacket) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water) and Räsänenet al. (UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding. In addition,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green(off Grid Solar Power System 5kw).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Acrylic Mobile Accessories Display Stand) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller-Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. ALUMINUM GAS VALVE. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureAutomatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureTray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigurePlastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Capshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure1000W 12/24/48V High Efficiency Power Solar Modified Sine Wave Inverterthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Carshowing the collected fines from this trial.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMachining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCommercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane). FigureWaste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCarat Tube HDPE Sewer Pipe Corrugated Pipe Krah Pipe Carat Tubeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction(Fig.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment). FigureWholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig. 40FT. L, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires(Fashion Design Pendant Stainless Steel Necklace,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck, regardless of the sensor position.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Overflow Reservoir Tank).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump,Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample.

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Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts.

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Acknowledgments

References