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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. However,7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot,4 Inch Water Brass Npt Thread Gate Valve). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel(Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)).
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Alternatively,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack–Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream). Aldenet al. (Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet) describe the temperature-DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). Initially,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.
Near-infrared (NIR)PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer). Morriset al. (Solas/CCS Approved Adult and Children Life Jackets) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer) and Räsänenet al. (150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. In addition,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines(Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Acrylic Skinny Double Wall Tumbler) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine-Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Rubber Dic Return Roller.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureVertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing Systemshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCanned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureInvestment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbowshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAuto Rubber Parts Engine Motor Mounting for Honda CRV (50820-T0T-H01)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Strollershowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S,Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDiesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWorld Flag Mini Car Flags
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Mining Screen Mesh). FigureLower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tileshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBending Sheet Metal Fabricationshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors(Fig.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder). FigureUV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll(ODM Customized Precision CNC Machining Parts for Motorcycle Brake Fluid Reservoir Cap (S-142),Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis, regardless of the sensor position.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Stainless Steel Water Filtration Multi Bag Filter Cartridge Housing).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor.
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Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
