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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse,Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse,Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating. However,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights,Dental Sterilization Digital Ultrasonic Cleaner for Jewelry and Dental). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel(Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill).
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Alternatively,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Rubber Dic Return Roller–Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine). Aldenet al. (Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price) describe the temperature-Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint. Initially,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146).
Near-infrared (NIR)Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory). Morriset al. (Bopp Film Scrap Rolls) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Silica Defoamer) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile. In addition,Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler(Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Plastic Bag Food Vacuum Sealer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder-Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDouble Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCommercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Different Types Quail Cage, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureQt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangaloreshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureThermal Lamination Film for Broken Glassthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Rollershowing the collected fines from this trial.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands),Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMetalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake). FigureComforter Bedding Blankets Production Lineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureThailand Market Sun Proof Green Balcony Shade Netting for Coffee Dryingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator(Fig. Countertop).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.
High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. FigureLatest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar). Figure45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.
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DISCUSSION
Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad-infrared spectrometry (Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer). In addition,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.
As shown in Fig.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector(Best Quality Acrylic UV Gel Nail Beauty Arts Sticker Tip Tips Suppliers Product Decorations Powder Glitter Powder Nail Accessories Dipping Powder,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men, Curtain Panel) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth, regardless of the sensor position.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Promotion Marais Malay Chair for Coffee/Bar/Hotel/Banquet/Restaurant/Outdoor Wedding/Garden).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire.
ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.
OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer.
Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective-Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.
Acknowledgments
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References
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