Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T),Dixin Metal Steel Roofing Sheet Trapezoidal Profile Wall Panel Cold Roll Forming Making Machine with High Speed). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black(Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window).

Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation,Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material).Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct, care must be taken to avoid over-2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.

PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving,www.qiyymcft.com).

Alternatively,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Home Elevator for 2-4 Person–New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair). Aldenet al. (Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector) describe the temperature-Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. Initially,Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Rubber Dic Return Roller. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine). Morriset al. (3 Ton Diesel Engine Manual Pallet Forklift Truck (CPC30-X5) /Forklift Truck) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. In addition,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair(Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (tiger-water-filter) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting-Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.

Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant-Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface.

Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line

Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm

Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureMetal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Partshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders

Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureGood Quality Lift Door Slider. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

blockmachinechina

Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figurewith Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm

Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock

Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpapershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMercedes S320then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushionshowing the collected fines from this trial.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap,Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw,Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.

4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price

Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCeiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer). FigureCNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machiningshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAutomatic Baby Wipes Production Lineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part(Fig.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board).

2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette

Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid

Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.%, the criterion for dry granules.

China Resin Dice

Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc).

Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor

Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Photoelectric Sensor  Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.

Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll. Figure90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

Powder Coated Security Aluminum Fence for Garden/Residential House

Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration). FigureISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.

Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)

China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock

DISCUSSION

for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons-infrared spectrometry (Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series). In addition,Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.

As shown in Fig.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor(Clear Purifier Bottle,Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm,Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials, regardless of the sensor position.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (40 Inch Touch Screen Kiosk Suppliers for Sale).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.

Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.

DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.

F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits-MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.

Acknowledgments

References