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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. However,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling,Discount Price for Anti-Knock Solar Power Eco-Friendly Prefab Steel Structure Modular House). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask(4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase).
Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost ( Red Cable Ties,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts).Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat., care must be taken to avoid over-Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).
China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw,3D Copy CNC Rotary Wood Carver Cutting Engraving Router Machine).
Alternatively,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler–130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights). Aldenet al. (Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band) describe the temperature-Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. Initially,off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.
Near-infrared (NIR)Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products). Morriset al. (Fiberglass Rods) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou) and Räsänenet al. (China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. In addition,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016(WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Triplex Service Drop Oyster XLPE Aerial Bundled Cable (LV Cable)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable-Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hoseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePlastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureUnionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFlex Pipethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Suppliershowing the collected fines from this trial.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T),2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine). FigureHexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collarshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBlue Led Indicator Lightshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers(Fig.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs). FigureVacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer.
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DISCUSSION
35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man-infrared spectrometry (Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts). In addition,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.
As shown in Fig.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel(Bamboo Construction Board Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven,Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump, regardless of the sensor position.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.bmspd.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer.
Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.
27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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