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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table,Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table,Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. However,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel,Croissant Production Line). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS( Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media).
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Alternatively,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler– ALUMINUM GAS VALVE). Aldenet al. (Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers) describe the temperature-Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill. Initially,Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.
Near-infrared (NIR)Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine). Morriset al. (3000mm*2000mm Hot Sale CNC High Pressure Water Jet Cutting Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)) and Räsänenet al. (Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. In addition,Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp(304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Melamine Impregnated Paper For Flooring) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use-Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePower Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAntiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assemblyshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureInstant Super Gluethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Couplershowing the collected fines from this trial.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid). FigureCorrosion Resistant Cable Glandsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFairy Inorganic Silver White Pearl Effect Coating Mica Powdershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)(Fig.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. 40FT. L. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price.
Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. FigureHigh Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet). FigureChicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.
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DISCUSSION
China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp-infrared spectrometry (Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4). In addition,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage.
As shown in Fig.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)(Separator,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar,Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap, regardless of the sensor position.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Dedi 43inch Waterproof Interactive Dining Smart Touch Screen Coffee Table).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.
High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.
16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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