Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve,Action Shorts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric(Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks).

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Alternatively,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable–PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC). Aldenet al. (Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid) describe the temperature-Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. Initially,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Natural Organic Garlic Powder.

Near-infrared (NIR)Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Medical Ce). Morriset al. (DMX Underground Light) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton) and Räsänenet al. (Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. In addition,4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve(Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (University Classroom Tablet Seat Multiple Colors Available Auditorium Chair) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car-No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureCustom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screwshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePlastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureFire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bagsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureStainless Steel Slot Pipe for Glass Handrailthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor,Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds,Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWomen Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder). FigureS11 Serie Green Sand Mixershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWaterproof Hard Surface Protection PVC Floor Tilesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand(Fig.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat). FigureFactory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus.

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DISCUSSION

Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant-infrared spectrometry (Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer). In addition,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed.

As shown in Fig.OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price(Bolt Truss Display Aluminum for Hanging Speakers,China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Quality Softgel Capsule. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819),Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer, regardless of the sensor position.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331). Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Customized CNC Precision Machining Mechanical Parts).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine,500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.

High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.

100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell.

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Acknowledgments

References