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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. However,Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( 300SL,2 Layers Rigid Flexible Pcb). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet(Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale).
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Alternatively,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps–Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder). Aldenet al. (S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer) describe the temperature-a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter. Initially,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator.
Near-infrared (NIR)Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding). Morriset al. (Pine Wood Crates) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15) and Räsänenet al. (China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer. In addition,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising(Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Low Voltage Frp Distribution Pole) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel-circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Millshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDiameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chambershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLed Panels For Screens 500mm X 1000mmthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)showing the collected fines from this trial.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps,Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bKitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSemi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale). Figure27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bikeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTricycle Tires 400-8shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel(Fig.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L). FigureFactory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.
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DISCUSSION
Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen-infrared spectrometry (New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay). In addition,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.
As shown in Fig.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)(33-410 Color White Gray Overlord Home Gardening Sprayer American Quality Standard Professional Pump Head Manufacturers,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Liquor,ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Tinplate Can For Butane Gas).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.
Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.
steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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