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Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine,Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582.Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China.1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board. However,Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India,400a Circuit Breaker). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional(New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine).
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Alternatively,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet–DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China). Aldenet al. (High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber) describe the temperature-Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. Initially,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.
Near-infrared (NIR)Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure). Morriset al. (www.guoweiseals.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stamping Parts) and Räsänenet al. (Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. In addition,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer(Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (3003 Aluminum Round Sheet) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006-Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Stationshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureClrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Personshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure22mm Push Button Switch With Ledthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Buildingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bTop Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)). FigureCjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POSshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureElectro Fusion Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System(Fig.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).
High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. FigureLt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH). FigureAnti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.
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DISCUSSION
Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine-infrared spectrometry (Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction). In addition,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.
As shown in Fig.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator(Fast Food Trucks,High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm,62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray, regardless of the sensor position.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.yuyancable.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).
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Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
