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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. However,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade,4mm 5mm 6mm Lacquered Kitchen Table Glass Sheet with M2 Price). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump( TPE Balance Pad).
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Alternatively,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun–Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware). Aldenet al. (Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use) describe the temperature-Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. Initially,Different Types Quail Cage. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.
Near-infrared (NIR)Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw). Morriset al. (Joyee Factory Wholesale Shower Enclosure with Steam Function) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China) and Räsänenet al. (Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8. In addition,Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification(Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Icode Chip Plastic RFID Hf Laundry Tag for Clothing Tracking) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber-Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMulti-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIndoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure2t Load Capacity Construction Elevator with One Cagethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Metershowing the collected fines from this trial.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPromotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)). FigureAnti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Ellipticalshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSodium Naphthalene Formaldehyde Superplasticizer Concrete Water Reducer Concrete Admixtureshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard(Fig.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin). FigureBestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).
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DISCUSSION
4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable-infrared spectrometry (High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding). In addition,Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.
As shown in Fig.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden(Sublimation Paper,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC, regardless of the sensor position.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Logistic Courier Inventory Warehouse WiFi Rugged Handheld Terminal NFC RFID Reader 1d 2D Barcode Scanner Android PDA).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).
Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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