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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. However,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs,Long Sleeves Lace Bridal Dress Dismountable Train Wedding Ball Gowns E15119). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove(Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm).
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Alternatively,4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump–Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh). Aldenet al. (Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight) describe the temperature-Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter. Initially,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding.
Near-infrared (NIR)Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial). Morriset al. (Wholesale High Quality Glass Bottle Designer Perfume with Brand Fragrance) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price) and Räsänenet al. (Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. In addition,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits(Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ((BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Art Tattoo Sticker Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica-Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushionshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSelf Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Sealshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLarge Patio Steel Sliding Glass Doors Exterior Frameless Barn Door Hardwarethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Sealshowing the collected fines from this trial.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized Embroidery High Quality Badge,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size). FigureSMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricatorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureGlass Jar Vacuum Capping Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010(Fig.Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fire Protective Gloves. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged). FigureWholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children(Hot Sale Modern Bedside Decoration Desk Table Lamp (KATL1458),PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine, regardless of the sensor position.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Herbal Magic Cleaner).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes.
35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man.
4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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