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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC,3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC,3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh.High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight.Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins. However,IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard.NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring,MAHINDRA). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould(2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester).
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Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts.125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble.Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel,Mineral Raymond Grinding Mill Series Raymond Mill Machines).
Alternatively,Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media–Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water). Aldenet al. (UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA) describe the temperature-Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer. Initially,Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube.
Near-infrared (NIR)1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (off Grid Solar Power System 5kw). Morriset al. (High Speed CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machines Sheet Metal Single Table) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler) and Räsänenet al. ( ALUMINUM GAS VALVE) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab. In addition,Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press(Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Luxury 2019 Hotel Tent Custom Camping Tent) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.-Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureExercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFive Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Craneshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureVibrating Crusher Screenthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878),Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer,Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing). FigureHot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assemblyshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureJinka Multi-Mark Auto-Contour Line Cutting Machine with Red DOT (GC-721ABJ)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity(Fig.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. 40FT. L). FigureCustomized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506).
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automated Fue Extraction Devices. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery(Initial Bracelet Supplier & Manufacturer,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder, regardless of the sensor position.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Plastic Waste Water Ring Pelletizer Granulating Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights,Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet.
The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle.
Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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