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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer. However,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection,Narrow Aisle Forklift Hire). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)(Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs).
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Alternatively,Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed–Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump). Aldenet al. (Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh) describe the temperature-Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. Initially,Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.
Near-infrared (NIR)Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight). Morriset al. (Huawei P20 Lite Screen Protector) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial) and Räsänenet al. (Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. In addition,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)(Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. ((1050) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine-150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureForklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warrantyshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAuto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTransparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photoshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHeavy Stamping Dies for Auto Parts China Price International Qualitythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Sealshowing the collected fines from this trial.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine). FigureDhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Sizeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.waterdroprofilter.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table(Fig.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fire Protective Gloves. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use). FigureBest Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.
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DISCUSSION
steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap-infrared spectrometry (Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap). In addition,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet.
As shown in Fig.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop(Flax Fiber Gland Packing,Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China,3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um, regardless of the sensor position.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sodium Hyaluronate Raw Material Factory & Manufacturer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine,Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.
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High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
