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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House,30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House,30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker., frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. However,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative,Nfc Aerial Powerfitting Heavy Duty Aluminum Tension Clamp). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment(Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))).
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Alternatively,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks–Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder). Aldenet al. (501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch) describe the temperature-Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. Initially,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.
Near-infrared (NIR)M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press). Morriset al. (Europe To Usa Adapter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable) and Räsänenet al. (PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. In addition,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit(Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Medical Ce) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Color Craft Felt Fabric) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker-Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureColorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureVibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toysshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figureinsharevapethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. 300SLshowing the collected fines from this trial.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price,2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best,Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory). Figure2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bagsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureGas Pipe Extrusion Line Manufacturersshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe(Fig.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians). FigureLow Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W.
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DISCUSSION
Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad-infrared spectrometry (Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer). In addition,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid.
As shown in Fig.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)(China Children Books Printing Company,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use, regardless of the sensor position.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (6000z Bearing).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet.
P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing.
Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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