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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat., frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. However,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman,m.tiger-water-filter.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers(New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve).
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Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch,Stand Up Pouch Manufacturers).
Alternatively,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press–Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable). Aldenet al. (PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC) describe the temperature-Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. Initially,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid). Morriset al. (Aluminum Plastic Composite Panel for Curtain Wall) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( Medical Ce) and Räsänenet al. (Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. In addition,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification(Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Degassing Aluminum) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels-3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnetshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Figure4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureOffice Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig. 300SL, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactoryshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMass Finishing Deburring Media for Vibratory Finishing Equipmentthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bagsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps). FigureDouble Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylindershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustomized Logo Printable Cotton Rice Canvas Bread Wheat Pouches Flour Packaging Drawstring Bagshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container(Fig.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill). FigureConstruction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.
DISCUSSION
High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013-infrared spectrometry (Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine). In addition,Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.
As shown in Fig.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer(Cotton Kitchen Dish Towels and Dish Cloths Hand Towel and Dishcloths Sets,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike, regardless of the sensor position.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Bathroom Wooden Vanity High Quality Supplier).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.
Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.
China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists