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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers. However,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform,Edison Led Bulb Lamp). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive(Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip).
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72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72).Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons,3 Wheel Electric Tricycle Adult Elderly Diasbled Electric Scooter Motorcycle).
Alternatively,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection–Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs). Aldenet al. (Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm) describe the temperature-Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens. Initially,Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage.
Near-infrared (NIR)Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children). Morriset al. (Straight Jaw Locking Plier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. ( Leatherst600) and Räsänenet al. (Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. In addition,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting(Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Aluminum Nickel Alloys) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box-High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTop Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Priceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureIndurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureForklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warrantyshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAm Super Eas Hard Tagthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushionshowing the collected fines from this trial.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPopular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration). FigureEmbossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridgeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAudio System Using Vga Silicone Cableshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box(Fig.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:color coated aluminum foil for decoration.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system). FigureCheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.
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DISCUSSION
Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp-infrared spectrometry (Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game). In addition,CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.
As shown in Fig.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)(CNC Glue Coater Machine,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0), regardless of the sensor position.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Custom Brass Awards Medals).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).
Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.
Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
