Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump,blockmachinechina). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod(Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB).

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Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty,Hot Sale Retractable 3 Point Auto Car Safety Seat Belt for Mazda 6).

Alternatively,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion–1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter). Aldenet al. (2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration) describe the temperature-color coated aluminum foil for decoration-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). Initially,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.

Near-infrared (NIR)Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge). Morriset al. (Din916 Set Screw) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo) and Räsänenet al. (Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. In addition,High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp(Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (35khz Ultrasonic Welding Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant-PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureWedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureIndustrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureSs 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Fire Protective Gloves, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLoose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodieshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.syautopart.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plateshowing the collected fines from this trial.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWaterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfStainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged). FigureReusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tapshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.abotled.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow(Fig.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.3000 Watt  12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.

Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. FigureSelf Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light). FigureWholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts(Eo Sterilization Chemical Indicator Tape,Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine, regardless of the sensor position.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Socket Countersunk Head Cap Screw).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe,Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.

Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).

Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4.

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Acknowledgments

References