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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter,Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. However,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll,Sown Speakers 24 Inch Smart HD Color LCD LED Screen TV). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer(7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security).
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Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005),Jfh02b Waterproof Q5 5W Rechargeable LED Headlamp).
Alternatively,OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best–Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale). Aldenet al. (High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine) describe the temperature-10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). Initially,Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black.
Near-infrared (NIR)Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2). Morriset al. (Evian Water 500ml) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier) and Räsänenet al. (Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. In addition,Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light(Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Z100 Galvanized Steel Strip) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments-American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAmerican Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chairshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSmall Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHdpe Pipe Fitting Reducing Tee Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairsshowing the collected fines from this trial.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%,Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence,Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts). FigurePlastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleevesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina OEM Nail File Personalise Design Sponge Nail File - AD2020 - Zhuohuishows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price(Fig.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete.
Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine,Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products. FigureNylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool). FigureDouble Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal.
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DISCUSSION
Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock-infrared spectrometry (Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block). In addition,Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars.
As shown in Fig.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh(Evoh Film,Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder, regardless of the sensor position.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (insharevape.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving,Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized Metal Parts Stamping.
PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer.
Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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