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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). However,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (color coated aluminum foil for decoration,5 Ton Wheel Loader Price). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring(Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home).
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Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools,7mm Plywood Suppliers for Sale).
Alternatively,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164–Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof). Aldenet al. (Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba) describe the temperature-High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. Initially,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.
Near-infrared (NIR)Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe). Morriset al. (www.mbkglassjar.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer) and Räsänenet al. (Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. In addition,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price(UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Automatic Nozzle) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)-Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFactory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Constructionshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBreast Padthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cupshowing the collected fines from this trial.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bUs Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAbdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process). FigureMaufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Setshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWholesale Metal Aluminium Mini Metal Briquetting Machinesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective(Fig.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker). FigureNBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.
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DISCUSSION
Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width-infrared spectrometry (P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen). In addition,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal.
As shown in Fig.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line(Keyboard Tray Foldable Office Desk,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit, regardless of the sensor position.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Skin Care Massage Makeup Sponge Makeup Blender Silica Round Shape Bran Espoir).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card,Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters.
Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor.
Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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