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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). However,Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port,Black Color Pingpong or Table Tennis Replacement Net). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings(2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)).
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Alternatively,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)–Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width). Aldenet al. (Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063) describe the temperature-Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. Initially,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..
Near-infrared (NIR)Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case). Morriset al. (Equal Swap B5 Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete) and Räsänenet al. (4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). In addition,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine(Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Trade Show Stretched Tension Fabric Backdrop Display Stand) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo-Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureKl Feed Pellet Millshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mmshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGlass Washing and Drying Machine (YD-HWB-3300) Glass Machinerythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003showing the collected fines from this trial.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale,High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8),100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones). FigureLow Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Liftershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAluminum Htd 3m Timing Pulleyshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification(Fig.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller). FigurePlastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).
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DISCUSSION
Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children-infrared spectrometry (Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber). In addition,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T).2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.
As shown in Fig.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage(China Folding Solar Panel,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer, regardless of the sensor position.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Incoloy 800H/HT).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.
100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.
Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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