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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. However,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine,High Quality Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6218 6008-2RS 6203-2RS 6205-2RS 6300-2RS 6301-2RS 6305-2RS 6201 6202 6203 6204 6205 6206). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap( 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2).
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Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (P4 High Brightness LED Screen,Hailar Electrical OEM Manufacturers Custom Universal LED Dimmer 220V Fan Switch 500W).
Alternatively,Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore–Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller). Aldenet al. (V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4) describe the temperature-Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. Initially,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100.
Near-infrared (NIR)Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake). Morriset al. (Palisade Fencing) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line) and Räsänenet al. ( Countertop) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. In addition,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl(Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Galvanized Stack 4 High Euro Type Wire Mesh Cages Pallet) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe-500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureShuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheapshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIce Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePlastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBolt Screw Thread Rolling Machine Manufacturers Cheap Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membraneshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMilling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfE466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men). Figure Curtain Panelshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureColor Steel Corrugated Roll Forming Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan(Fig.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier). FigureHigh Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy.
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DISCUSSION
Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging-infrared spectrometry (Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler). In addition,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.
As shown in Fig.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter(Luxury Vibration Zinc Alloy Soft Massage Eye Cream Tube,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle,Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer, regardless of the sensor position.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality Softgel Capsule).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (120x200cm Pvc Backdrop).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain,Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.
Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price.
Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
