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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. However,color coated aluminum foil for decoration.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping,Plastic bottle and cap extruder). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner(330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle).
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PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts,Double Wire /Coil Binding Machine Cwh-520an).
Alternatively,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box–120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup). Aldenet al. (HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating) describe the temperature-Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. Initially,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board.
Near-infrared (NIR)Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8). Morriset al. (Cheap Price Etching Metal Steel Sheet for Elevator Cabins) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay) and Räsänenet al. (Saw Blade for Harvester Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). In addition,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter(Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Modular Psu Atx) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine-Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureGood Quality Lift Door Slidershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePrecision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustomized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Speed Milk Carton Filling Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHandmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP). FigureOil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cordshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureXCMG Diesel Forklift 5 Ton Diesel Forklift Truck with Side Shift and Solid Tyreshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts(Fig.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment). FigureHigh Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.
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DISCUSSION
2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe-infrared spectrometry (Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer). In addition,Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine.Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.
As shown in Fig.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH(Garage Door Hinges Window Kit Alwinw Glass Door Accessories,Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4, regardless of the sensor position.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Popular SAE J2044 Automotive Oil Line Nylon Quick Connector Assembly).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Silica Defoamer,Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600.
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Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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