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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. However,Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor,USB Charging Cable). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine(Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler).
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Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine,Commercial Round Ice Maker).
Alternatively,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe–China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil). Aldenet al. (19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10) describe the temperature-Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. Initially,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp). Morriset al. (Structural Black Hollow Section Metal Steel Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light) and Räsänenet al. (100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229). In addition,China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil(100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.yihui-press.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts-Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Bannershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCasting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePhillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSmall Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purificationshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustom Print Kid Socksthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)showing the collected fines from this trial.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine,55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMost Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfRear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand). Figure12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywoodshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWaterproof Hard Plastic Equipment Tool Caseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven(Fig.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.World Flag Mini Car Flags. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover.
Natural Organic Garlic Powder,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. FigureMzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System). FigureHardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain.
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DISCUSSION
18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net-infrared spectrometry (Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive). In addition,Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.Kl Feed Pellet Mill.
As shown in Fig.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding(www.stamping-mould.com,Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Child Book Printing Service.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger, regardless of the sensor position.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (PWM Charge Controller 50A Solar Panel System Home Usage 96V).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.
Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel.
Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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