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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)).Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. However,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015),1325 Wood Cutting and Engraving CNC Router Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley(230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub).
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Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed ( SAA,Mini Linear Actuator 12v).
Alternatively,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston–CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant). Aldenet al. (Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter) describe the temperature-Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. Initially,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.
Near-infrared (NIR)Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice). Morriset al. (Electric Ir Heater Emitter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate) and Räsänenet al. (19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. In addition,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)(China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Atc Digital Ph And Orp Meters) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling-19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAuto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCoal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNewest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGood Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CEshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePolycarbonate Sheet Boardthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heatershowing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMulti-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed). FigureAutomotive Speakers Snial Horn for Carsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustom Printed Fashion Natural Burlap Jute Tote Beach Bags with Leather Handleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine(Fig.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized Metal Parts Stamping. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor). FigureEPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter.
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DISCUSSION
Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer-infrared spectrometry (Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator). In addition,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).
As shown in Fig.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set(5bbl Microbrewery Plant Equipment Maker,Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe,China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price, regardless of the sensor position.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hyaluronan Ingredients Powder Supplier & Manufacturer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107),Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control.
Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.
4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
