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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. However,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Diesel Mini Tiller,CNC Milling and Turning High Precision Custom Steel Fabrication Service). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900(LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)).
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Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger,Lithium Battery Led Emergency Light).
Alternatively,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock–Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L). Aldenet al. (Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts) describe the temperature-Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. Initially,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.
Near-infrared (NIR)API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter). Morriset al. (100% Polyester Printed Chiffon Fabric Textile and Woven Fabric for Garment) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%) and Räsänenet al. (Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. In addition,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden(Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (L2507 Sexy Hollow out Long Sleeve Double Sweater Dress) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover-Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Netshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWaterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureQuarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Meshshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure200ml Preform Mould Manufacturers Cheap Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality). Figure200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyreshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figureresistance bandshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader(Fig.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room). FigureBack Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.
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DISCUSSION
2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet-infrared spectrometry (Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price). In addition,High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain.
As shown in Fig.Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence(Iran,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, CNC Turning Parts) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate, regardless of the sensor position.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (SS304 SS316L Food Grade Manual Sanitary Stainless Steel Butterfly Type Ball Valve).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux,Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15.
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2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
