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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. However,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls,New Design Nylon Adjustable Printing Martingale Dog Collar). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine(E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment).
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Alternatively,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier–Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings). Aldenet al. (Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler) describe the temperature-Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. Initially,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.
Near-infrared (NIR)Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory). Morriset al. (Silicone Baby Brush) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum) and Räsänenet al. (Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. In addition,Different Types Quail Cage(Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Softgel Capsule) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Rubber Kneading Machine X (S) N-75 Dispersion Kneader) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning-Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureStainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screwshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNatural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Displayshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMulch Laying Applicatorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirtshowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle,Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack). FigurePromotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristbandshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePepper Powder Pouch Packing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils(Fig.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event). Figure850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.
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DISCUSSION
Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined-infrared spectrometry (Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag). In addition,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013).Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).
As shown in Fig.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion(Fruits Plastic Crates Stackable and Nestable Crate,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type, regardless of the sensor position.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC,Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile.
OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale.
Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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