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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate,1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate,1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts.Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet. However,Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch.Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC,Mason Jar Glass For Drinking). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit(Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid).
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PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine,m.yasentag.com).
Alternatively,Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer–Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive). Aldenet al. (Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter) describe the temperature-Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board. Initially,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture.
Near-infrared (NIR)Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet). Morriset al. (Small Size Indoor Playground Equipment with Soft Play) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw) and Räsänenet al. (Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag. In addition,Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate( 300SL).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Releasable PA66 Nylon Plastic Wire Zip Cable Ties) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional-E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureUltrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureEmbossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDog Christmasthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Boltshowing the collected fines from this trial.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer,DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006,Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians). FigureSheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Partshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBlade Barbed Wireshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade(Fig.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956). FigureTwo Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.
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DISCUSSION
Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer-infrared spectrometry (27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike). In addition,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.
As shown in Fig.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly(360 Degree Camera Suppliers for Sale,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch,High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal, regardless of the sensor position.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Transmission Kit).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring.
High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.
Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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