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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. However,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1,Cloth Bag Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering(Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108).
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Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood,02 Drying Oven).
Alternatively,Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart–3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer). Aldenet al. (SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board) describe the temperature-New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. Initially,API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.
Near-infrared (NIR)Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry). Morriset al. (Glass Tea Coffee Beer Cup Mug) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India) and Räsänenet al. (New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar. In addition,Saw Blade for Harvester Machine(Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (19inch Flat Capacitive Touch Panel Pc Factory OEM/ODM Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick-Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in Chinashows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePortable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMotorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Stamping Parts, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniatureshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHand Sewn Deflated Synthetic Leather Futsal Ballthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis,China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFreely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder). FigureHigh Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Stationshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAC Wire Harness Injection Molding Machine Network Wire Molding Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply(Fig.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. 19kw. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.
Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. FigureHigh Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8), however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS). FigureFood Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%.
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DISCUSSION
Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator-infrared spectrometry (Automobile Fuse). In addition,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.
As shown in Fig.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains(2000kg Freight Cargo Goods Service Car Elevator with Machine Room,Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications,Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder, regardless of the sensor position.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Junjian Cooling Glass Cabinet Marble Cake Display Showcase Refrigerator).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine.
Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.
Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.
Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine-100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
