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AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010 Dec; 11(4): 1612–1618.
Published online 2010 Nov 9.doi:4 Core Fiber Optic Drop Cable

Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)

Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus.Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant. However,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed.

Key words:acoustic monitoring,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W),OEM Manufacturer Dog Treats Processing Machine -). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag(Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture).

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Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler,Fecal Occult Blood Test Kit Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).

Alternatively,Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic AttenuatorPiston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment). Aldenet al. (Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine) describe the temperature-500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders. Initially,2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.

Near-infrared (NIR)100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe). Morriset al. (Cnc Router Machine Woodworking Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil) and Räsänenet al. (19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. In addition,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty(Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Deltaplus Safety Shoes) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set-Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price.

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price.

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price.

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureSolid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Tableshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePlastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureSKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Lasershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOptical Uv Quartz Glass Platethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Maskshowing the collected fines from this trial.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002),Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGranite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification). FigureBrand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCarbon Graphite Bearing & Bushing for Chemical Pumpsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror(Fig.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price.

P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display,Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels. Figure2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe). Figure2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s.

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DISCUSSION

Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant-infrared spectrometry (Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato). In addition,Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder.

As shown in Fig.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment(Dog Feeder,Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive,Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier, regardless of the sensor position.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. Kurtosis is calculated by:

equation M1

whereyis the signal value,equation M2is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Forged A105n Floating Soft Seated Blow-out Proof Stem Ball Valve with 100mm Nipples).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings,SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.

Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels.

Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical.

Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices-Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.

Acknowledgments

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