Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard,High Quality Kraft Paper Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag with Clear Window for Dried Food Snack Packaging). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator(GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing).

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Alternatively,Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire–Prefabricated Building in Warehouse). Aldenet al. (Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron) describe the temperature-Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion. Initially,Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series.

Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price). Morriset al. (Cardboard Ceramic Tile Sample Book) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding. In addition,Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP(Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Where to Buy Monoammonium Phosphate Crystals China Manufacturer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm-High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureStainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Minshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureBrown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure20000 lb 4 levels auto stackershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHorse Corral Panel Cattle Fencing Panels Cattle Fencethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipmentshowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Milling Media Balls Alumina Ceramic Grinding Balls, Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bUL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer). FigureCompetitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheetshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure3 AC Socket Ports Travel Charger for Mobile Phone Chargingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board(Fig.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod). FigureGuangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale.

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DISCUSSION

Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap-infrared spectrometry (with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock). In addition,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)).

As shown in Fig.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019(8L Tin Can Round Metal Black Bucket with Ring Lock,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sander Machine for Plywood Making Machine).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100,Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl.

Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).

Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.

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Acknowledgments

References