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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17),20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17),20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. However,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock,Rechargeable Lithium Lion Battery 36V 3000mAh Black & Decker Lbx36 Pack). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality(Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L).
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Alternatively,Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors–Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155)). Aldenet al. (Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask) describe the temperature-Natural Organic Garlic Powder-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. Initially,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car.
Near-infrared (NIR)No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread). Morriset al. (Acid Soluble Shrimp Shell Chitosan) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner) and Räsänenet al. (3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board. In addition,Kl Feed Pellet Mill(45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Indoor P3 Full Color Stage Rental LED Display Sign) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag-Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Quality Child Book Printing Service.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureQuarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Meshshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Signshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureContinuous Date Printing Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistantshowing the collected fines from this trial.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings,Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand,Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bInsulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine). Figure Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Boxshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBridge Type Center Drive Sludge Thickener Scraper in Water Treatmentshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4(Fig.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fan Coil Filters. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter). Figure2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds.
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DISCUSSION
Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108-infrared spectrometry (Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding). In addition,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.
As shown in Fig.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Softgel Capsule. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump(cnuneed,Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (color coated aluminum foil for decoration,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light, regardless of the sensor position.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Multistage Horizontal Circulating Boiler Feed Water Pump).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts,Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine.
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Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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