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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100,Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100,Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts.125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty. However,3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale.Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock,Round Coarse Fiber Discs for Polishing Machine Abrasive). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine(Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm).
Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)).4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube, care must be taken to avoid over-1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab.
Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts..Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter,10a Button Switch).
Alternatively,4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes–Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag). Aldenet al. (100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt) describe the temperature-Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display. Initially,New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers.
Near-infrared (NIR)China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting). Morriset al. (m.gzyezhifurniture.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material) and Räsänenet al. ( Manual) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality. In addition,High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber(CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Anchor Clamp) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Bamboo Based Activated Carbon) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator-New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harnessshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustomized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePortable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hingeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figuregjmach-chnthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases,Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap,Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWaterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFoska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould). FigureOilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDomestic Floor Polishershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Automated Fue Extraction Devices(Fig.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil). FigureRifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder.
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DISCUSSION
High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun-infrared spectrometry (Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery). In addition,Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard.Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights.
As shown in Fig.Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle(Metal Paint Cans,Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes, regardless of the sensor position.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Universal Thermostat).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal,ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception.
Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot.
LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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