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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. However,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube,Soft Cling Film). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope(Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs).
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Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting,China Airtight Built-In Heavy-Type Chemical Protective Suit).
Alternatively,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts–IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace). Aldenet al. (Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator) describe the temperature-High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. Initially,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair). Morriset al. (Brand Name Women Purses) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. In addition,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator(Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Mobile Phone Holder) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)-Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAcoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Materialshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureKids Room Decor Colored Naruto DIY Wall Sticker Paperthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Rovingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure),OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAcm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair). FigureDust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detectorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTrustworthy Supplier Custom Printing Corrugated Boxshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084(Fig.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders). FigureOEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.
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DISCUSSION
A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free-infrared spectrometry (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity). In addition,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective.
As shown in Fig.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank(Tip-Discharge Soft Boa Plush/PV Plush Fur/Fake Fur,China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width, regardless of the sensor position.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hammock Sleeping Bag).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part,China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.
Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.
Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
