Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t,Urethral Catheter Fixing Device Drainage Tube Securement Device). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp(Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set).

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Alternatively,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry–Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle). Aldenet al. (Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases) describe the temperature-Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm. Initially,Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.

Near-infrared (NIR)2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Custom Screw). Morriset al. (Printed Laminated Non Woven Large Storage Bag with Zipper) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan) and Räsänenet al. (Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. In addition,Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs(Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Factory Made Winter Outdoor Running Jogging Walking Gloves with a Convertible Mitten) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod-Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureMetal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhoneshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureCheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureNsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureElectric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCar Parts Brake Padthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipmentshowing the collected fines from this trial.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp,CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant,PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGuangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLuxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine). FigureDehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Priceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNew Generation Heavy Equipments Bulldozer in Philippinesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment(Fig.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.%, the criterion for dry granules.

AD1410

Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone). Figure988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).

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DISCUSSION

00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light-infrared spectrometry (Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry). In addition,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.

As shown in Fig.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler(Lumbar Traction Apparatus for Elderly,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer, regardless of the sensor position.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Trailer Multileaf Eye Slipper Springs).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.

Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.

Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.

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Acknowledgments

References