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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material.CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. However,Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks,Coil Nail Collator Manufacturers Cheap Price). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line(Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price).
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Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms,www.fencing-cn.com).
Alternatively,Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines–Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel). Aldenet al. (High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric) describe the temperature-Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave. Initially,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts.
Near-infrared (NIR)Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base). Morriset al. (m.hhomedecor.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker) and Räsänenet al. (Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. In addition,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating( Bathroom).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Lamination Film) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee-China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWater-Proof Nylon Cable Glandshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cageshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAdi Digital-to-Analog Converter Chip Ad7895ar-3 Sop8 Original Spot Hot Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGSshowing the collected fines from this trial.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfStainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale). FigureSanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureConcentric Flanged 12 16 48 Inch Dn 80 Butterfly Valveshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks(Fig.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. Red Cable Ties. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights). Figure200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.
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DISCUSSION
New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap-infrared spectrometry (Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products). In addition,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.
As shown in Fig.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould(30W RF Metal Laser Tube CO2 Laser Marking System,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court, regardless of the sensor position.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Full Automatic Paper Carton Window Patching Machine (WHS-1100DBF)).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.
Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board.
Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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