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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. However,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W),16mm Round Carbide Inserts For Ci3). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber(Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair).
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UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock,Pet Climbing Toys Tower Condo Furniture Cat Tree with Scratch Post).
Alternatively,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L–Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts). Aldenet al. (23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter) describe the temperature-4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. Initially,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker.
Near-infrared (NIR)Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%). Morriset al. (hongraygloves.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors) and Räsänenet al. (Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. In addition,Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest](Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Customized Walk-in Temperature and Humidity Climatic Chamber) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete-Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tankshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureRectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLarge Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure3 in 1 Fast Qi Charging 15W Wireless Charger for Mobile Phone/Apple Watch/Airpodsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toysshowing the collected fines from this trial.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale,Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre). FigureLED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Signshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Building Material Prefabricated Design Steel Building Steel Structureshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack(Fig.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt.
Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. FigureInsect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Fan Coil Filters). FigureAntiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.
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DISCUSSION
Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive-infrared spectrometry (Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V). In addition,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery.Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101).
As shown in Fig.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price(Full Color Outdoor P10 Led Display,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (24speed Folding Bike).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage,Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting.
Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).
Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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