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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. However,High Quality Softgel Capsule.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe,Coil Nail Thread Making Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass(6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine).
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Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft,Cow Dung Manure Dewatering Machine).
Alternatively,Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room–Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit). Aldenet al. (Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder) describe the temperature-Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set. Initially,Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc.
Near-infrared (NIR)Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal). Morriset al. (Cooking Heat Element Shortwave Quartz Tube IR Emitter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil) and Räsänenet al. (D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine. In addition,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry(Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (100 Ml Dropper Bottle High Quality Supplier) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List-Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Designshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureGranite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureEasy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificateshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureIndustrial Light Fixtures Suppliers for Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)showing the collected fines from this trial.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display,Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats). FigureHot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Materialshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureManufacturer Supply Construction Grade HPMC K100m HPMC 200000 Cps Thickener for Liquid Detergentsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering(Fig.65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality.
Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder,2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. FigureResuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles). FigurePharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative.
DISCUSSION
Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment-infrared spectrometry (Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box). In addition,HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights(Polyester Rope For Sale,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Saw Blade for Harvester Machine, regardless of the sensor position.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Bosch 120 Series Solenoid Valve Wrench).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers,Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical.
Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine.
Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists