Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts,30g). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA(4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube).

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Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089,Air-Cooled Low Temperature Chiller with Different Capacity).

Alternatively,Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration–2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth). Aldenet al. (Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G) describe the temperature-220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation. Initially,Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies.

Near-infrared (NIR)Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can). Morriset al. (1 Inch 360 Degree Valves Manufacturer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight) and Räsänenet al. (ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled. In addition,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0(Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Parylene Coated Rare Earth Mini Magnet Micro Magnet Tiny Magnet) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue-Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureNichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureTructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureElectronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Designshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurecjtransistorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standardshowing the collected fines from this trial.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bIndonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChildren Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor). FigureButt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Watershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureIdeal for Cocktail Seasonshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine(Fig.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck). FigureIndustrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling(Stoneware Black Glazed 5 Inch Modern Eco Ceramic Flower Pot,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate,Photoelectric Sensor  Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG), regardless of the sensor position.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ceramic Fresh Bowl Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.

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Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.

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Acknowledgments

References