Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event,Single Sit In Family Kayak). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool(Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys).

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Alternatively,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers–Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits). Aldenet al. (Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag) describe the temperature-Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use. Initially,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale.

Near-infrared (NIR)Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006). Morriset al. (Cnc Lathe Machine Turning) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine) and Räsänenet al. (1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale. In addition,Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe(Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup-059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureNo Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Netshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHigh Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig. Mirror, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOS&Y Soft Resilient Seat Gate Valvethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Canshowing the collected fines from this trial.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfStainless Steel Pre Water Filter

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts). FigureCast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valveshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.arabellaclothing.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens(Fig.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. 3mm. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light). FigurePrivate Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve.

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DISCUSSION

Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)-infrared spectrometry (Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould). In addition,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine.Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens.

As shown in Fig.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice(China Spgw Piston Seal,Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Lubricating Oil,Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel, regardless of the sensor position.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Gold Disc Pendant Necklace).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank,300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater.

Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor.

Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.

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Acknowledgments

References